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Lego, rubber ducks and ocean currents

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  • Lego, rubber ducks and ocean currents

    How Lego figures and rubber ducks reveal ocean secrets

    Weird and wonderful objects washed up on the world's beaches shed more light on the workings of the ocean currents than you might think. Richard Fisher reports.

    Marooned on an island, if you threw a message-in-a-bottle into the ocean, would you be saved? The answer, according to researchers, depends on where you are.

    This interactive map shows how floating objects dropped into the ocean travel over the years. So drop a bottle off the east coast of the US, for example, and if you’re lucky, it may have reached France, Spain or North Africa after a couple of years – but equally it could have turned around and been trapped in an ocean gyre circling around the centre of the Atlantic.

    Objects can flow around the ocean for years or even decades before they reach shore. In April, a message-in-a-bottle turned up off the coast of Norway after a staggering 101 years at sea. Decade-plus journeys aren’t unusual. On New York beaches, for instance, passers-by have reported finding treasure that appears to have been away from land for years, including unusual animal bones, dentures and even a robot hand. And this week BBC Magazine reported on how tiny pieces of Lego have been continually washing up on the shores of Cornwall in the UK since 1997.

    These strange objects enter the sea via beach litter, rivers and shipping containers lost overboard. Not only do they provide a curious and occasionally disturbing record of humanity’s effects in this era, they can also provide researchers with surprising insights into the vast ocean currents that sweep the globe. A 2014 survey by the World Shipping Council suggests around 2,683 containers were lost at sea per year between 2011 and 2013. The real figure could well be more, as many go unreported and no single database keeps track.

    Perhaps the most famous case of drifting ephemera was a fleet of more than 28,000 rubber ducks and other bath toys, known as the Friendly Floatees. The ducks accidentally fell into the Pacific from a container ship en route from China to Seattle in 1992, and were tracked by the oceanographer Curtis Ebbesmayer, who called on beachcombers to report sightings. The Floatees spent over a decade circling on the sea. What was perhaps most striking was just how far the ducks travelled, with some ending up in Europe and Hawaii, and confirmed sightings continued until at least the mid-2000s. (See the path the rubber ducks took here.) This hinted that floating objects take a much longer journey between oceans than previously realised.

    In 2012, Erik van Sebille of the University of New South Wales in Australia and colleagues confirmed this suspicion by using a network of around 20,000 satellite-tracked ‘drifter’ buoys. They found that there are six major patches of plastic garbage in the oceans: five in the subtropical seas, and one more high up in the Arctic Barents Sea that was previously unknown. And crucially, this work revealed how the plastic migrates between the patches over long timescales. “They are much more connected than ever envisioned,” he says. “They leak.” This research inspired them to create their interactive map.

    According to van Sebille, in some regions of the North Pacific there's potentially more weight in plastic than there is in life. A lot is too buoyant to sink. “It’s almost like the turd that won’t flush,” he laughs. Contrary to popular belief, however, the stuff does not exist as giant islands. It is dispersed and much of it is ‘microplastic’ – tiny, eroded fragments – and so it’d be near-impossible to go out there and sweep it up. The danger to wildlife is clear.

    Since most of this circulating material does not decompose easily, eventually it may even wind up in the rock record, deposited on beaches or in the deep ocean inside fish poo after they have digested it. Indeed, US researchers recently described a new type of solid rock found in Hawaii containing plastic bags, rope and bottle tops. They called it “plastiglomerate”.

    In the far future, then, geologists curious about 21st Century human beings will likely wander up to an outcrop, and discover coloured chunks of plastic embedded within. Peer closer, and they might even get lucky and find whole objects, such a Barbie arm, a pair of dentures – or even a message-in-a-bottle.
    BBC - Future - How Lego figures and rubber ducks reveal ocean secrets

    See this link for access to a neat tool called Adrift

    Adrift: tracking the global ocean circulation

    Humanity will leave a unique trace in the geological record.

    It must also be important for archaeologists to understand the ocean currents as objects have been moved around the globe. One must presume, after having used Adrift, that objects have been exchanged between continents and cultures yet unaware of each others existence before the age of Exploration, although I have never heard of a real example.

    If you click off the Yucatan Peninsula, the epicentre of the Maya civilisation, using Adrift, you could have an object arrive in Europe within 10 years...
    Last edited by tantalus; 22 Jul 14,, 19:47.
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